Bray F, Laversanne M, Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, Soerjomataram I, et al. Global cancer statistics 2022: GLOBOCAN estimates of incidence and mortality worldwide for 36 cancers in 185 countries. CA Cancer J Clin. 2024;74 (3): 229–63.
DOI: 10.3322/caac.21834
Sociedad Española de Oncología Médica, SEOM. Las cifras del cáncer en España 2024. ISBN: 978-84-09-58445-1.
Wei F, Georges D, Man I, Baussano I, Clifford GM. Causal attribution of human papillomavirus genotypes to invasive cervical cancer worldwide: a systematic analysis of the global literature. Lancet 2024; 404 (10451): 435-444.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01097-3
Ronco G, Dillner J, Elfström KM, Tunesi S, Snijders PJF, Arbyn M, et al. Efficacy of HPV-based screening for prevention of invasive cervical cancer: follow-up of four European randomised controlled trials. Lancet. 2014;383 (9916): 524–32.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)62218-7
Höhn AK, Brambs CE, Hiller GGR, May D, Schmoeckel E, Horn L-C. 2020 WHO classification of female genital tumors. Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd. 2021;81 (10): 1145–53.
DOI: 10.1055/a-1545-4279
Stolnicu S, Barsan I, Hoang L, Patel P, Terinte C, Pesci A, et al. International endocervical adenocarcinoma criteria and classification (IECC): a new pathogenetic classification for invasive adenocarcinomas of the endocervix. Am J Surg Pathol. 2018; 42(2): 214–26.
DOI: 10.1097/PAS.0000000000000986
Bhatla N, Aoki D, Sharma DN, Sankaranarayanan R. Cancer of the cervix uteri: 2021 update. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2021;155 (Suppl 1): 28–44.
DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.13865
Cibula D, Dostalek L, Hillemanns P, Scambia G, Jarkovsky J, Persson J, et al. Completion of radical hysterectomy does not improve survival of patients with cervical cancer and intraoperatively detected lymph node involvement: ABRAX international retrospective cohort study. Eur J Cancer 2021 (43): 88-100.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2020.10.037
Dundr P, Cibula D, Nemejcova K, Tichá I, Bártu M, Jaksa R. Pathologic Protocols for Sentinel Lymph Nodes Ultrastaging in Cervical Cancer. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 2020 144, 1111-1120.
DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2019-0249-RA
Ramirez PT, Frumovitz, M, Pareja R, López A, Vieira M, Ribeiro R, et al. Minimally Invasive versus Abdominal Radical Hysterectomy for Cervical Cancer. N Engl J Med 2018, 379 (20), 1895-904.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1806395
Cibula D, Raspollini MR, Plaschamp F, Centeno C, Chargari C, Felix A, et al. ESGO/ESTRO/ESP Guidelines for the management of patients with cervical cancer –Update 2023. Int J Gynecol Cancer, 33 (5), 649-666.
DOI: 10.1136/ijgc-2023-004429
Smith ES, Moon AS, O´Hanlon R, Leitao MM, Sonoda Y, Abu-Rustum NR, et al. Radical Trachelectomy for the Treatment of Early-Stage Cervical Cancer: A Systematic Review. Obstet Gynecol 2020, 136 (3), 533-542.
DOI: 10.1097/AOG.0000000000003952
Mahmoud O, Kilic S, Khan AJ, Beriwal S, Small Jr W. External beam techniques to boost cervical cancer when brachytherapy is not an option-theories and applications. Ann Transl Med, 2017; 5 (10): 207.
DOI: 10.21037/atm.2017.03.102
Cibula D, Pötter R, Planchamp F, Avall-Lundqvist E, Fischerova, D, Meder H, et al. The European Society of Gynaecological Oncology/European Society for Radiotherapy and Oncology/European Society of Pathology Guidelines for the Management of Patients With Cervical Cancer. International journal of gynecological cancer, 2018; 28 (4): 641–655. https://doi.org/10.1097/IGC.0000000000001216.
DOI: 10.1097/IGC.0000000000001216
Lin Y, Chen K, Lu Z, Zhao L, Tao Y, Ouyang Y, et al. Intensity-modulated radiation therapy for definitive treatment of cervical cancer: a meta-analysis. Radiat Oncol 2018, 13 (1): 177.
DOI: 10.1186/s13014-018-1126-7
Peters III WA, Liu PY, Barrett II RJ, Stock RJ, Monk BJ, Berek JS, et al. Concurrent Chemotherapy and Pelvic Radiation Therapy Compared With Pelvic Radiation Therapy Alone as Adjuvant Therapy After Radical Surgery in High-Risk Early-Stage Cancer of the Cervix. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18: 1606-1613.
DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2000.18.8.1606
Okazawa M, Mabuchi S, Isohashi F, Suzuki O, Yoshioka Y, Sasano T, et al. Impact of the addition of concurrent chemotherapy to pelvic radiotherapy in surgically treated stage IB1-IIB cervical cancer patients with intermediate-risk or high-risk factors: a 13-year experience. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2013; 23 (3): 567.
DOI: 10.1097/IGC.0b013e31828703fd
Chemoradiotherapy for Cervical Cancer Meta-analysis Collaboration (CCCMAC). Reducing uncertainties about the effects of chemoradiotherapy for cervical cancer: individual patient data meta-analysis. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; CD008285.
Gupta S, Mashewari A, Parab P, Mahantshetty U, Hawaldar R, Chopra SS, et al. Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Followed by Radical Surgery Versus Concomitant Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy in Patients With Stage IB2, IIA, or IIB Squamous Cervical Cancer: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2018; 36 (16): 1548-1555.
DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2017.75.9985
Kenter GG, Greggi S, Vergote I, Katsaros D, Kobierski J, van Doorn H, et al. Randomized Phase III Study Comparing Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy Followed by Surgery Versus Chemoradiation in Stage IB2-IIB Cervical Cancer: EORTC-55994. J Clin Oncol 2023; 41(32): 5035-5043.
DOI: 10.1200/JCO.22.02852
Dueñas A, Zarbá J, Patel F, Alcedo C, Beslija S, Casanova L, et al. Phase III, Open-Label, Randomized Study Comparing Concurrent Gemcitabine Plus Cisplatin and Radiation Followed by Adjuvant Gemcitabine and Cisplatin Versus Concurrent Cisplatin and Radiation in Patients With Stage IIB to IVA Carcinoma of the Cervix. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29 (13): 1678-85.
DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2009.25.9663
Mileshkin LR, Moore KN, Barnes E, Gebski V, Narayan K, King MY et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy following chemoradiotherapy as primary treatment for locally advanced cervical cancer versus chemoradiotherapy alone (OUTBACK): an international, open-label, randomised, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2023; 24 (5): 468-482.
DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00147-X
Ma X, Fang J, Zhang L, Huang Y, Shen H, Ma X, et al. Efficacy and safety of adjuvant chemotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Crit Rev Oncol / Hematol. 2023; 184:103953.
DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2023.103953
Jhingran A, Gray HJ, Moughan J, Weidhaas J, Hirschey R, Salhepour M, et al. Adjuvant chemotherapy following concurrent chemoradiation (CRT) in patients with high-risk early-stage cervical carcinoma following radical hysterectomy: Results of NRG oncology/RTOG 0724/GOG-0724. J Clin Oncol 2024; 42 (s16): abstr 5504.
DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2024.42.16_suppl.5504
McCormarck M, Gallardo-Rincón D, Eminowicz G, Díez P, L. Farrelly L, Kent C, et al. A randomised phase III trial of induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiation compared with chemoradiation alone in locally advanced cervical cancer: The GCIG INTERLACE trial. Ann Oncol 2023; 24 (Suppl2): S1276. LBA8.
DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2023.10.028
Monk BJ, Toita T, Wu X, Vázquez Limón JC, Tarnawski R, Mandai M, et al. Durvalumab versus placebo with chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer (CALLA): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol. 2023 Dec; 24 (12): 1334-1348.
DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00479-5
Lorusso D, Xiang Y, Hasegawa K, Scambia G, Leiva M, Ramos-Elias P, et al. Pembrolizumab plus chemoradiotherapy for high-risk, locally advanced cervical cancer: The randomized, double-blind, phase 3 ENGOT-cx11/GOG-3047/KEYNOTE-A18 study). ESMO Congress 2023, LBA38.
DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2023.10.032
Lorusso D, Xiang Y, Hasegawa K, Scambia G, Leiva M, Ramos-Elias P, et al. Pembrolizumab or placebo with chemoradiotherapy followed by pembrolizumab or placebo for newly diagnosed, high-risk, locally advanced cervical cancer (ENGOT-cx11/GOG-3047/KEYNOTE-A18): a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 clinical trial. Lancet 2024; 403 (10434): 1341-1350.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00317-9
Manso L, Ramchandani-Vaswani A, Romero I, Sánchez-Lorenzo L, Bermejo-Pérez MJ, Estévez-García P, et al. SEOM-GEICO Clinical Guidelines on cervical cancer 2023. Clin Transl Oncol 2024 Aug 31. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12094-024-03604-3.
DOI: 10.1007/s12094-024-03604-3
Moore DH, Blessing JA, McQuellon RP, Thaler HT, Cella D, Benda J, et al. Phase III study of cisplatin with or without paclitaxel in stage IVB, recurrent, or persistent squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix: a gynecologic oncology group study. J Clin Oncol 2004 Aug 1; 22 (15): 3113-9.
DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2004.04.170
Long HJ 3rd, Bundy BN, Grendys EC Jr, Benda JA, McMeekin DS, Sorosky J, et al. Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Randomized phase III trial of cisplatin with or without topotecan in carcinoma of the uterine cervix: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. J Clin Oncol. 2005 Jul 20; 23 (21):4626-33.
DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2005.10.021
Moore DH, Tian C, Monk BJ, Long HJ, Omura GA, Bloss JD. Prognostic factors for response to cisplatin-based chemotherapy in advanced cervical carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group Study. Gynecol Oncol 2010 Jan; 116 (1): 44-9.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2009.09.006
Monk BJ, Sill MW, McMeekin DS, Cohn DE, Ramondetta LM, Boardman CH, et al. Phase III trial of four cisplatin-containing doublet combinations in stage IVB, recurrent, or persistent cervical carcinoma: a Gynecologic Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol. 2009 Oct 1; 27 (28): 4649 - 55.
DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2009.21.8909
Tewari KS, Sill MW, Long HJ 3rd, Penson RT, Huang H, Ramondetta LM, et al. Improved survival with bevacizumab in advanced cervical cancer. N Engl J Med. 2014 Feb 20; 370 (8):734-43.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1309748
Kitagawa R, Katsumata N, Shibata T, Kamura T, Kasamatsu T, Nakanishi T, et al. Paclitaxel Plus Carboplatin Versus Paclitaxel Plus Cisplatin in Metastatic or Recurrent Cervical Cancer: The Open-Label Randomized Phase III Trial JCOG0505. J Clin Oncol. 2015 Jul 1; 33 (19): 2129 -35.
DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2014.58.4391
Redondo A, Colombo N, McCormack M, Dreosti L, Nogueira-Rodrigues A, Scambia G, et al. Primary results from CECILIA, a global single-arm phase II study evaluating bevacizumab, carboplatin and paclitaxel for advanced cervical cancer. Gynecol Oncol 2020 Oct;159 (1): 142-149.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2020.07.026
Coleman RL, Lorusso D, Gennigens C, Gonzalez-Martin A, Randall L, Cibula D, et al. Efficacy and safety of tisotumab vedotin in previously treated recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer (innovaTV 204/GOG-3023/ENGOT-cx6): a multicentre, open-label, single-arm, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol 2021; 22 (5): 609-19.
DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00056-5
Vergote I, González Martín A, Fujiwara K, Kalbacher E, Bagameri A, Ghamande S, et al. InnovaTV 301/ENGOT-cx12/GOG-3057: A global, randomized, open-label, phase III study of tisotumab vedotin vs investigator’s choice of chemotherapy in 2L or 3L recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer. Annals of Oncology 2023, 34 (S2): S1254-S1335.
DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2023.10.029
Meric-Bernstam F, Makker V, Oaknin A, Oh DY, Banerjee S, González-Martín A, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Trastuzumab Deruxtecan in Patients With HER2-Expressing Solid Tumors: Primary Results From the DESTINY-PanTumor02 Phase II Trial. J Clin Oncol. 2024 Jan 1; 42 (1): 47-58.
DOI: 10.1200/JCO.23.02005
Mezache L, Paniccia B, Nyinawabera A, Nuovo GJ. Enhanced expression of PD L1 in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and cervical cancers. Mod Pathol 2015; 28 (12): 1594-602.
DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2015.108
Chung HC, Ros W, Delord JP, Perets R, Italiano A, Shapira-Frommer R, et al. Efficacy and Safety of Pembrolizumab in Previously Treated Advanced Cervical Cancer: Results From the Phase II KEYNOTE-158 Study. J Clin Oncol 2019; 37(17):1470-8.
DOI: 10.1200/JCO.18.01265
Tewari KS, Monk BJ, Vergote I, Miller A, de Melo AC, Kim HS, et al. Survival with Cemiplimab in Recurrent Cervical Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2022; 386 (6): 544-55.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2112187
Oaknin A, Moore K, Meyer T, López-Picazo Gonzalez J, Devriese LA, Amin A, et al. Nivolumab with or without ipilimumab in patients with recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer (CheckMate 358): a phase 1-2, open-label, multicohort trial. Lancet Oncol 2024; 25 (5): 588-602.
DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(24)00088-3
Santin AD, Deng W, Frumovitz M, Buza N, Bellone S, Huh W, et al. Phase II evaluation of nivolumab in the treatment of persistent or recurrent cervical cancer (NCT02257528/NRG-GY002). Gynecol Oncol. 2020;157 (1): 161-6.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2019.12.034
Colombo N, Dubot C, Lorusso D, Cáceres MV, Hasegawa K, Shapira-Frommer R, et al. Pembrolizumab for Persistent, Recurrent, or Metastatic Cervical Cancer. N Engl J Med. 2021; 385 (20): 1856-67.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2112435
Monk BJ, Colombo N, Tewari KS, Dubot C, Cáceres MV, Hasegawa K, et al. First-Line Pembrolizumab + Chemotherapy Versus Placebo + Chemotherapy for Persistent, Recurrent, or Metastatic Cervical Cancer: Final Overall Survival Results of KEYNOTE-826. J Clin Oncol. 2023; 41(36): 5505-11.
DOI: 10.1200/JCO.23.00914
Oaknin A, Gladieff L, Martinez-Garcia J, Villacampa G, Takekuma M, De Giorgi U, et al. Atezolizumab plus bevacizumab and chemotherapy for metastatic, persistent, or recurrent cervical cancer (BEATcc): a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2024; 403 (10421): 31-43.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)02405-4
Global strategy to accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer as a public health problem. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2020. Licence: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
Nguyen R, Doubrovina E, Mousset CM, Jion BY, Okada R, Zhang X, et al. Cooperative Armoring of CAR and TCR T Cells by T Cell-Restricted IL15 and IL21 Universally Enhances Solid Tumor Efficacy. Clin Cancer Res. 2024; 30 (8):1555-66.
DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-23-1872
Giudice E, Mirza MR, Lorusso D. Advances in the Management of Recurrent Cervical Cancer: State of the Art and Future Perspectives. Curr Oncol Rep 2023; 25: 1307–1326. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11912-023-01463-9.
DOI: 10.1007/s11912-023-01463-9
https://clinicaltrials.gov. Official website of the United States Government, october 2024.
Burmeister CA, Khan SF, Schafer G, Mbatani N, Adams T, Moodley J, et al. Cervical cancer therapies: Current challenges and future perspectives. Tumour Virus Res. 2022 Jun; 13: 200238.
DOI: 10.1016/j.tvr.2022.200238
Le Torneau L. Immunogenicity and clinical activity of tipapkinogen sovacivec (TG4001), an HPV-16 cancer vaccine: A randomized phase 2 study in advanced anogenital cancers. J Clin Oncol, 2023; 41.
DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2023.41.16_suppl.2630