Sung H, Ferlay J, Siegel RL, et al. Global Cancer Statistics 2020. CA Cancer J Clin. 2021;71:209–49.
Van Cutsem E, Cervantes A, Adam R, et al. ESMO consensus guidelines for metastatic colorectal cancer. Ann Oncol.2016;27(8):1386–422.
DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdw235
Simon R. Clinical trial designs for evaluating the medical utility of prognostic and predictive biomarkers in oncology. Per Med. 2010;7:33–47.
DOI: 10.2217/pme.09.49
Karapetis CS, Khambata-Ford S, Jonker DJ, et al. K-ras mutations and benefit from cetuximab in advanced colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2008;359:1757–65.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa0804385
Amado RG, Wolf M, Peeters M, et al. Wild-type KRAS is required for panitumumab efficacy. J Clin Oncol.2008;26:1626–34.
DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2007.14.7116
Douillard JY, Oliner KS, Siena S, et al. Panitumumab–FOLFOX4 and RAS mutations in colorectal cancer. N Engl J Med. 2013;369:1023–34.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1305275
Le DT, Uram JN, Wang H, et al. PD-1 blockade in MSI-H cancers. N Engl J Med. 2015;372:2509–20.
Overman MJ, McDermott R, Leach J, et al. Nivolumab + ipilimumab in MSI-H metastatic colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2018;36:773–9.
DOI: 10.1200/JCO.2017.76.9901
André T, Shiu KK, Kim TW, et al. Pembrolizumab vs chemotherapy in MSI-H colorectal cancer (KEYNOTE-177). N Engl J Med. 2020;383:2207–18.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2017699
Kopetz S, Grothey A, Yaeger R, et al. Encorafenib, binimetinib, and cetuximab in BRAF V600E metastatic colorectal cancer (BEACON). N Engl J Med. 2019;381:1632–43.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1908075
Elez E, Tabernero J, Wainberg ZA, et al. Encorafenib + cetuximab + mFOLFOX6 in first-line metastatic colorectal cancer (BREAKWATER). N Engl J Med. 2025;392:112–25.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2501912
Bertotti A, Papp E, Jones S, et al. HER2 as a therapeutic target in colorectal cancer. Nature. 2011;471:110–4.
Sartore-Bianchi A, Trusolino L, Martino C, et al. HERACLES: trastuzumab + lapatinib in HER2-positive CRC. Lancet Oncol. 2016;17:738–46.
DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(16)00150-9
Strickler JH, Yoshino T, Marks E, et al. MOUNTAINEER: tucatinib + trastuzumab in HER2-positive CRC. J Clin Oncol. 2023;41:756–65.
Siena S, Di Bartolomeo M, Raghav K, et al. Trastuzumab deruxtecan in HER2-positive CRC (DESTINY-CRC01). J Clin Oncol. 2021;39:295–304.
Martinelli E, Troiani T, Ciardiello D, et al. PARERE trial: anti-EGFR rechallenge vs trifluridine-tipiracil. Ann Oncol.2024;35 Suppl 3:S403.
Drilon A, Laetsch TW, Kummar S, et al. Larotrectinib in TRK fusion cancers. N Engl J Med. 2018;378:731–9.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1714448
Marabelle A, Fakih M, Lopez J, et al. Pembrolizumab for TMB-high cancers. Ann Oncol. 2020;31:1105–16.
Bonneville R, Krook MA, Kautto EA, et al. Landscape of tumor mutational burden across cancers. Cell Rep.2017;20:268–81.
Normanno N, Esposito Abate R, Lambiase M, et al. Role of ctDNA in colorectal cancer precision oncology. Ann Oncol. 2022;33:685–99.
Li BT, Janku F, Jung B, et al. ctDNA to guide targeted therapy decisions. Nat Rev Clin Oncol. 2023;20:249–63.
Siravegna G, Mussolin B, Buscarino M, et al. Clonal evolution and resistance to EGFR blockade. Nat Med.2015;21:795–801.
DOI: 10.1038/nm.3870
Bardelli A, Corcoran RB, Misale S, et al. Mechanisms of acquired resistance to anti-EGFR therapy. Cancer Discov.2021;11:1347–66.
Parseghian CM, Loree JM, Morris VK, et al. Anti-EGFR–resistant clones decay after withdrawal. J Clin Invest.2019;129:5151–64.
Corcoran RB, Choudhury AD. Tracking resistance with ctDNA. N Engl J Med. 2020;381:177–9.
Yoshino T, Satake H, et al. JACCRO CC-09: cetuximab rechallenge in RAS/BRAF WT CRC. J Clin Oncol. 2021;39 Suppl:3554.
Pietrantonio F, Raimondi A, Biondani P, et al. CHRONOS trial: ctDNA-guided EGFR rechallenge. J Clin Oncol.2022;40 Suppl:3511.
Montagut C, Argilés G, Ciardiello F, et al. CITRIC trial (ctDNA-guided anti-EGFR rechallenge). ESMO 2025 Abstract LBA 5932.
REFISH Trial. Phase II study of encorafenib + cetuximab as rechallenge in BRAF V600E-mutant mCRC. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT07178717.
Yaeger R, Hamilton E, Shemanski L, et al. KRYSTAL-1: adagrasib in KRAS G12C-mutated CRC. N Engl J Med.2022;386:1201–12.
Fakih MG, Salvatore L, Esaki T, et al. Sotorasib plus panitumumab in refractory KRAS G12C-mutant CRC (CodeBreaK 300). N Engl J Med. 2023;389:2125–39.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2308795
Guinney J, Dienstmann R, Wang X, et al. The consensus molecular subtypes of colorectal cancer. Nat Med.2015;21:1350–6.
DOI: 10.1038/nm.3967
Holch JW, Stintzing S, Heinemann V, et al. Pattern and dynamics of metastatic spread in colorectal cancer. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35 Suppl:3531.
Cremolini C, Antoniotti C, Lonardi S, et al. Liver metastases and impact on anti-EGFR efficacy. Lancet Oncol.2015;16:1043–52.
Venook AP, Niedzwiecki D, Lenz HJ, et al. CALGB/SWOG 80405: impact of primary tumor location. J Clin Oncol.2017;35:3506.
Yoshino T, Watanabe J, Shitara K, et al. PARADIGM: panitumumab vs bevacizumab in left-sided RAS WT CRC. N Engl J Med. 2022;387:1993–2005.
Watanabe J, Yoshino T, Shitara K, et al. Molecular ultra-selection in PARADIGM. Ann Oncol. 2023;34 Suppl 2:S294–5.
Tie J, Wang Y, Cohen J, et al. Circulating tumor DNA dynamics and prognosis in mCRC. Sci Transl Med.2016;8:346ra92.
Holch JW, Stintzing S, Heinemann V, et al. Pattern and dynamics of metastatic spread in CRC. J Clin Oncol. 2017;35 Suppl:3531.
Mouradov D, Sloggett C, Jorissen RN, et al. ARID1A mutations in colorectal cancer. Nat Commun. 2021;12:3256.
Liao W, Overman MJ, Leach J, et al. ARID1A deficiency promotes MAPK activation and EGFR resistance. Clin Cancer Res. 2020;26:5748–59.
Cremolini C, Antoniotti C, Stein A, et al. Biology of liver metastases and anti-EGFR efficacy. Lancet Oncol.2015;16:1043–52.
Mao C, Wu XY, Yang ZY, et al. PIK3CA exon 20 mutations and EGFR inhibitor resistance. Ann Oncol. 2012;23:1519–25.
De Roock W, De Vriendt V, Normanno N, et al. Effects of KRAS, BRAF, NRAS, and PIK3CA mutations on cetuximab efficacy. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11:753–62.
DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70130-3