Nuevo Usuario

Recordar Contraseña

Revisiones en Cáncer 00126 / http://dx.doi.org/10.20960/revcancer.00126

Resumen| PDF

Revisión

Epidemiología y prevención del cáncer colorrectal

Enrique Quintero Carrión

Prepublicado: 2026-01-16

Publicado: 2026-02-20

VOLUMEN 39, NÚM. 4, julio-agosto (2025), PAG. 179-192

Logo Descargas Número de descargas: 15921 Logo Visitas Número de visitas: 921 Citas Citas: 0

Compártelo:

El cáncer colorrectal (CCR) es una de las neoplasias más prevalentes a nivel mundial, con una incidencia acumulada cercana al 4 %. En las últimas décadas, se ha observado un incremento significativo de casos en adultos < 50 años (CCR joven). La prevención primaria del CCR se basa en la modificación de factores de riesgo: mantener una actividad física regular y una dieta rica en frutas, verduras y cereales integrales, evitando el consumo de tabaco, de alcohol y de carnes procesadas. El riesgo individual de CCR depende principalmente de la edad y de la historia familiar de CCR. Respecto al cribado poblacional, la prueba inmunológica fecal (FIT) bienal es la estrategia predominante en Europa, mientras que la colonoscopia cada 10 años es la más utilizada en EE. UU. Existe controversia respecto a la edad de inicio del cribado: las guías de práctica clínica estadounidenses y australiana recomiendan comenzar a los 45 años, mientras que la mayoría de guías europeas lo inician a los 50 años. En la población de riesgo medio, tanto el FIT como la colonoscopia cada 10 años tienen un impacto similar en la reducción de la mortalidad y de la incidencia del CCR. En el cribado familiar para CCR no sindrómico, dirigido a individuos con un caso índice < 50 años al diagnóstico o ≥ 2 familiares de primer grado afectados de CCR, la estrategia recomendada es la colonoscopia cada 5 años, comenzando el cribado a los 40 años o 10 años antes del caso más joven en la familia.

Palabras Clave: Epidemiología. Cribado población riesgo medio. Cribado población de riesgo familiar. FIT. Colonoscopia.

Descargar PDF

Bibliografía
Artículos Relacionados

Morgan E, Arnold M, Gini A, et al. Global Burden of Colorectal Cancer in 2020 and 2040: Incidence and Mortality Estimates From GLOBOCAN. Gut 2023;72(2):338-44.
DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327736

GBD 2019 Colorectal Cancer Collaborators. Global, Regional, and National Burden of Colorectal Cancer and Its Risk Factors, 1990-2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022;7(7):627-47.

Eng C, Yoshino T, Ruiz-García E, et al. Colorectal Cancer. Lancet 2024;404(10449):294-310.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00360-X

Bray F, Laversanne M. Stat Bite: recent trends in colon cancer incidence at ages 25-49 vs 50-74 in 50 countries. J Nat Cancer Inst 2025;117(10):2146-7.
DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djaf223

Galceran J, Ameijide A, Carulla M, et al. Cancer incidence in Spain, 2015. Clin Transl Oncol 2017;19(7):799-825.
DOI: 10.1007/s12094-016-1607-9

REDECAN. Estimaciones de la incidencia del cáncer en España, 2025. Red Española de Registros de Cáncer (REDECAN), 2025. Disponible en: https://redecan.org/storage/documentation/442e1d1a-4040-4674-81cf-5e6a67af6458.pdf

Szostek J, Serafin M, Mąka M, et al. Right-Sided Versus Left-Sided Colon Cancer-a 5-Year Single-Center Observational Study. Cancers 2025;17(3):537.
DOI: 10.3390/cancers17030537

Ugai T, Haruki K, Harrison TA, et al. Molecular Characteristics of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer According to Detailed Anatomical Locations: Comparison with Later-Onset Cases. Am J Gastroenterol 2023;118(4):712-26.
DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002171

Guo L, Wang L, Cai L, et al. Global Distribution of Colorectal Cancer Staging at Diagnosis: An Evidence Synthesis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2025;23(12):2088-101.
DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2024.11.019

Keum N, Giovannucci E. Global Burden of Colorectal Cancer: Emerging Trends, Risk Factors and Prevention Strategies. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;16(12):713-32.
DOI: 10.1038/s41575-019-0189-8

Santucci C, Mignozzi S, Malvezzi M, et al. European Cancer Mortality Predictions for the Year 2024 With Focus on Colorectal Cancer. Ann Oncol 2024;35(3):308-16.
DOI: 10.1016/j.annonc.2023.12.003

Sinicrope FA. Increasing Incidence of Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer. New Engl J Med 2022;386(16):1547-58.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMra2200869

Siegel RL, Giaquinto AN, Jemal A. Cancer statistics, 2024. CA Cancer J Clin 2024;74(1):12-49.
DOI: 10.3322/caac.21820

Spaander MCW, Zauber AG, Syngal S, et al. Young-Onset Colorectal Cancer. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2023;9(1):21.
DOI: 10.1038/s41572-023-00432-7

Rubin R. Rates of Colorectal and Other Cancers Are Rising in Young Adults, Puzzling Researchers. JAMA 2025;334(1):9-11.
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2025.3237

Issaka RB, Chan AT, Gupta S. AGA Clinical Practice Update on Risk Stratification for Colorectal Cancer Screening and Post-Polypectomy Surveillance: Expert Review. Gastroenterology 2023;165(5):1280-91.
DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2023.06.033

Roos VH, Mangas-Sanjuan C, Rodríguez-Girondo M, et al. Effects of Family History on Relative and Absolute Risks for Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019;17(13):2657-67.e9.
DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.09.007

Quintero E, Carrillo M, Leoz M-L, et al. Risk of Advanced Neoplasia in First-Degree Relatives with Colorectal Cancer: A Large Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study. PLoS Med 2016;13(5): e1002008.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002008

Ng SC, Lau JY, Chan FK, et al. Increased risk of advanced neoplasms among asymptomatic siblings of patients with colorectal cancer. Gastroenterology 2013;144(3):544-50.
DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2012.11.011

Butterworth ASHJ, Pharoah P. Relative and absolute risk of colorectal cancer for individuals with a family history: a meta-analysis. Eur J Cancer 2006;42(2):216-27.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2005.09.023

Gargallo-Puyuelo CJ, Lanas Á, Carrera-Lasfuentes P, et al. Familial Colorectal Cancer and Genetic Susceptibility: Colorectal Risk Variants in First-Degree Relatives of Patients With Colorectal Cancer. Clin Transl Gastroenterol 2021;12(2),e00301.
DOI: 10.14309/ctg.0000000000000301

Sassano M, Mariani M, Quaranta G, et al. Polygenic Risk Prediction Models for Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review. BMC Cancer 2022;22(1):65.
DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-09143-2

Abu-Freha N, Cohen B, Gordon M, et al. Colorectal Cancer Among Inflammatory Bowel Disease Patients: Risk Factors and Prevalence Compared to the General Population. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023;10:1225616.
DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1225616

Shah SC, Itzkowitz SH. Colorectal Cancer in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: Mechanisms and Management. Gastroenterol 2022;162(3):715-30.e3.
DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.10.035

Samadder NJ, Baffy N, Giridhar KV, et al. Hereditary Cancer Syndromes-a Primer on Diagnosis and Management, Part 2: Gastrointestinal Cancer Syndromes. Mayo Clin Proc 2019;94(6):1099-116.
DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2019.01.042

Kanth P, Grimmett J, Champine M, et al. Hereditary Colorectal Polyposis and Cancer Syndromes: A Primer on Diagnosis and Management. Am J Gastroenterol 2017;112(10):1509-25.
DOI: 10.1038/ajg.2017.212

Zhang X, Fan H, Han S, et al. Global Burden of Colon and Rectal Cancer and Attributable Risk Factors in 204 Countries and Territories From 1990 to 2021. BMC Gastroenterology 2025;25(1):332.
DOI: 10.1186/s12876-025-03948-2

Choe AR, Song EM, Seo H, et al. Different Modifiable Risk Factors for the Development of Non-Advanced Adenoma, Advanced Adenomatous Lesion, and Sessile Serrated Lesions, on Screening Colonoscopy. Sci Rep 2024;14(1):16865.
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67822-z

Tsukanov VV, Vasyutin AV, Tonkikh JL. Risk Factors, Prevention and Screening of Colorectal Cancer: A Rising Problem. World J Gastroenterology 2025;31(5):98629.
DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v31.i5.98629

Chu AH, Lin K, Croker H, et al. Dietary-Lifestyle Patterns and Colorectal Cancer Risk: Global Cancer Update Programme (CUP Global) Systematic Literature Review. Am J Clin Nutr 2025;121(5):986-98.
DOI: 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.01.014

Luo Z, Dong X, Wang L, et al. Potential Reduction of Global Colorectal Cancer, 1990-2021. J Natl Cancer Cent 2025;5(3):313-21.
DOI: 10.1016/j.jncc.2025.01.001

Roshandel G, Ghasemi-Kebria F, Malekzadeh R. Colorectal Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Prevention. Cancers 2024;16(8):1530.
DOI: 10.3390/cancers16081530

Guirguis-Blake JM, Evans CV, Perdue LA, et al. Aspirin Use to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease and Colorectal Cancer: An Evidence Update for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Rockville (MD): Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (US); 2022 Apr. Report No.: 21-05283-EF-1.
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2022.3337

Burn J, Sheth H, Elliott F, et al. Cancer Prevention with Aspirin in Hereditary Colorectal Cancer (Lynch Syndrome), 10-Year Follow-Up and Registry-Based 20-Year Data in the CAPP2 Study: A Double-Blind, Randomised, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Lancet 2020;395(10240):1855-63.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30366-4

Liang PS, Shaukat A, Crockett SD. AGA Clinical Practice Update on Chemoprevention for Colorectal Neoplasia: Expert Review. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021;19:1327-36.
DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.02.014

Davidson KW, Barry MJ, Mangione CM, et al. Screening for colorectal cancer: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement. JAMA 2021;7;326(21):2172-8.
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2021.20007

Grobbee EJ, Wisse PHA, Schreuders EH, et al. Guaiac-based faecal occult blood tests versus faecal immunochemical tests for colorectal cancer screening in average-risk individuals. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022, 6, Cd009276.
DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD009276.pub2

Ebner DW, Fendrick AM, Kisiel JB, et al. Evaluating Benefit-to-Burden Ratios of the Established and Emerging Colorectal Cancer Screening Strategies. J Nat Cancer Inst 2025;djaf209.
DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djaf209

Zhang Y, Song K, Zhou Y, et al. Accuracy and Long-Term Effectiveness of Established Screening Modalities and Strategies in Colorectal Cancer Screening: An Umbrella Review. Int J Cancer 2025;157(1):126-38.
DOI: 10.1002/ijc.35381

Shaukat A, Ladabaum U, Kanth P, et al. AGA Clinical Practice Update on Current Role of Blood Tests for Colorectal Cancer Screening: Commentary. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2025;23(9):1486-91.
DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2025.04.003

Basu P. Changing paradigms in colorectal cancer screening. Journal Nat Cancer Inst 2025, 00(00), 1–3. DOI.org/10.1093/jnci/djaf267

Senore C, Lansdorp-Vogelaar I, de Jonge L. Rationale for organized Colorectal cancer screening programs. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol, 2023, 66, 101850, DOI. 10.1016/j.bpg.2023.101850.
DOI: 10.1016/j.bpg.2023.101850

Lauby-Secretan B, Vilahur N, Bianchini F, et al. The IARC perspective on colorectal cancer screening. N Engl J Med 2018;378(18):1734-40.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMsr1714643

Cardoso R, Guo F, Heisser T, et al. Colorectal cancer incidence, mortality, and stage distribution in European countries in the colorectal cancer screening era: an international population-based study. Lancet Oncol 2021;22(7):1002-13.
DOI: 10.1016/S1470-2045(21)00199-6

Rex DK, Boland CR, Dominitz JA, et al. Colorectal cancer screening: Recommendations for physicians and patients from the U.S. Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2017;86(1):18-33.
DOI: 10.1016/j.gie.2017.04.003

Lin JS, Piper MA, Perdue LA, et al. Screening for Colorectal Cancer: Updated Evidence Report and Systematic Review for the US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2016;315(23):2576-94.
DOI: 10.1001/jama.2016.3332

Cubiella J, Marzo-Castillejo M, Mascort-Roca JJ, et al. Clinical practice guideline. Diagnosis and prevention of colorectal cancer. 2018 Update. Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018;41(9):585-96.
DOI: 10.1016/j.gastrohep.2018.07.012

Portero de la Cruz S, Cebrino J. Uptake Patterns and Predictors of Colorectal Cancer Screening Among Adults Resident in Spain: A Population-Based Study From 2017 to 2020. Front Public Health 2023;11:1151225.
DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1151225

Salas Trejo D, Portillo Villares I, Espinàs Piñol JA, et al. Implementation of Colorectal Cancer Screening in Spain: Main Results 2006-2011. Eur J Cancer Prev 2017;26(1):17-26.
DOI: 10.1097/CEJ.0000000000000232

Zheng S, Schrijvers JJA, Greuter MJW, et al. Effectiveness of Colorectal Cancer (CRC) Screening on All-Cause and CRC-Specific Mortality Reduction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cancers 2023;15(7):1948.
DOI: 10.3390/cancers15071948

Bretthauer M, Løberg M, Wieszczy P, et al. Effect of Colonoscopy Screening on Risks of Colorectal Cancer and Related Death. N Engl J Med 2022;387(17):1547-56.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2208375

Castells A, Quintero E, Bujanda L, et al. Effect of Invitation to Colonoscopy Versus Faecal Immunochemical Test Screening on Colorectal Cancer Mortality (COLONPREV): A Pragmatic, Randomised, Controlled, Non-Inferiority Trial. Lancet 2025;405(10486):1231-9.
DOI: 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00145-X

Quintero E, Castells A, Bujanda L, et al. Colonoscopy versus Fecal Immunochemical Testing in Colorectal-Cancer Screening. N Engl J Med 2012;366(8):697-706.
DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa1108895

Zhou Y, Li N, Luo J, et al. Participation and Yield in Multiple Rounds of Colorectal Cancer Screening Based on Fecal Immunochemical Test: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2025;120(3):524-30.
DOI: 10.14309/ajg.0000000000003107

Nascimento de Lima P, Matrajt L, Coronado G, et al. Cost-Effectiveness of Noninvasive Colorectal Cancer Screening in Community Clinics. JAMA Netw Open 2025;8(1):e2454938.
DOI: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.54938

Bujanda L, Sarasqueta C, Zubiaurre L, et al. Low adherence to colonoscopy in the screening of first-degree relatives of patients with colorectal cancer. Gut 2007 56(12):1714-8.
DOI: 10.1136/gut.2007.120709

Katsoula A, Paschos P, Haidich AB, et al. Diagnostic accuracy of fecal immunochemical test in patients at increased risk for colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis. JAMA Intern Med 2017;177:1110-8.
DOI: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.2309

Quintero E, Carrillo M, Gimeno-García AZ, et al. Equivalency of Fecal Immunochemical Tests and Colonoscopy in Familial Colorectal Cancer Screening. Gastroenterology 2014;147(5):1021-30.e1-e16-7.
DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.08.004

González-López N, Quintero E, García-Gimeno AZ, et al. Screening uptake of colonoscopy versus fecal immunochemical testing in first-degree relatives of patients with non-syndromic colorectal cancer: A multicenter, open-label, parallel-group, randomized trial (ParCoFit study). PLoS Med 2023;20(10):e1004298.
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004298

Adrián-de-Ganzo Z, Alarcón-Fernández O, Ramos L. Uptake of Colon Capsule Endoscopy vs Colonoscopy for Screening Relatives of Patients with Colorectal Cancer. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;13(13):2293-301.e1.
DOI: 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.06.032

Revisión: Epidemiología del cáncer de esófago

Publicado: 2022-07-26 / http://dx.doi.org/

Resumen | PDF

Revisión: Epidemiología y evaluación del cáncer en el anciano

Publicado: 2022-07-26 / http://dx.doi.org/

Resumen | PDF

Revisión: Epidemiología e historia natural del cáncer de hígado

Publicado: 2022-07-28 / http://dx.doi.org/

Resumen | PDF

Revisión: Epidemiología de la infección por COVID-19. Magnitud y cronograma del problema

Publicado: 2022-07-28 / http://dx.doi.org/

Resumen | PDF

Revisión: COVID-19. Punto de vista del virólogo

Publicado: 2022-07-28 / http://dx.doi.org/

Resumen | PDF